In its Pb-Based Paint Laboratory Operations Guidelines: Analysis of Pb in Paint, Dust, and Soil, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) does not recommend using the dry ashing technique because it is difficult to control. In Ecuador, the most frequently used methods are the dry ashing technique and wet acid digestion. These methods include the following: dry ashing and wet acid digestions either on a heating plate or in a microwave to prepare samples atomic absorption spectrophotometry inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy quantification the Delves micro-sampling technique and non-destructive techniques such as X-ray fluorescence for quantification. To perform paint quality control and establish Pb threshold values, there are several analytical methods described in the literature. Every alliance member country has pledged to develop control regulations that include Pb threshold limits.
This alliance has as its main objective the elimination of Pb in paints by 2020. In response to the frequent incidence of high Pb concentrations in paints, especially in decorative glazes, and the possible health conditions that they could cause, the WHO, together with the UNEP, formed the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint (GAELP). In 2017, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) reported that only one-third of 193 countries have regulations related to the use of Pb in paints. Architectural paints and household items are an important exposure source because of their proximity to people these products also continue to be sold despite their high Pb content. According to statistical studies conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), Pb exposure accounted for approximately half a million deaths in 2016, 82% of which occurred in developing countries. Additional means of exposure include contact with toys, paints, coatings, and metallic materials such as jewelry that contain this metal. The main sources of Pb exposure are contaminated food and water intake. Although it has not yet been demonstrated that dermal exposure is an important entry route for humans, in the case of children, hand-to-mouth behaviors and the rapid absorption of ingested Pb increase its health risks. Humans’ intake of Pb alters the normal physiology of their biological systems. Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal that can accumulate in living tissue and affect the neurological, cardiovascular, and renal systems. kg −1, and results showed relative standard deviation values lower than 14.8% and fortification recoveries between 80.3 and 119.4%, fulfilling the acceptance criteria established in the Environmental Protection Agency’s lead-based Paint Laboratory Operations Guidelines.It was determined that the method could be applied for lead concentrations above 100 mg Two hundred and fifty samples from different paint industry products were analyzed, and the results were used to evaluate the method’s performance and robustness. In this sense, the main objective of this research was to validate the methodology of alkaline extraction for the quantification of lead in ten different types of Ecuadorian commercial paints using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To improve regulations and demonstrate compliance of paint industry products, it is necessary to have adequate, locally applicable methodologies. All alliance member countries have pledged to develop control regulations that include lead threshold limits.
In 2017, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme formed the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint.
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